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An unequal social distribution of peripheral arterial disease and the possible explanations: results from a population-based study

Department of Angiology, University of Duisburg-Essenknut.kroeger{at}uk-essen.de

Nico Dragano

Department of Medical Sociology, University Clinic Düsseldorf

Andreas Stang

Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital of Halle

Susanne Moebus

Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry & Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen

Stefan Möhlenkamp

Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen

Klaus Mann

Department of Endocrinology and Central Laboratory for Clinical Investigation

Johannes Siegrist

Department of Medical Sociology, University Clinic Düsseldorf

Karl-Heinz Jöckel

Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry & Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen

Raimund Erbel

Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen

on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigator Group

Abstract

A low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. It has remained unclear whether such a social gradient is evident in peripheral artery disease (PAD) because both diseases show different clinical courses. We looked at the association between education and income with PAD within the population of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNRS) including 4738 individuals. In both men and women, the ankle–brachial index (ABI) decreased and the prevalence of PAD (ABI < 0.9) increased with decreasing education and income. Looking only at participants without cardiovascular disease, doctor-diagnosed PAD and media calcinosis participants with low (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.53–4.34) and median education (1.90, 1.27–2.85) had higher odds for suffering from PAD compared to participants with high education. Additional adjustment for classical arteriosclerosis risk factors reduced the strength of the association while the odds ratios remained elevated. Current smoking, diabetes and BMI seem to be the most relevant mediators. Income does not significantly correlate with events when adjustments for all other risk factors are made. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PAD is more pronounced in men and women with lower socioeconomic status. Diabetes prevention and smoking prevention and cessation programs need to specifically target individuals of lower income and education. According to our findings, prevention of PAD would benefit extraordinarily.

Key Words: coronary artery disease • education • peripheral arterial disease • socioeconomic status

Vascular Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 4, 289-296 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1358863X09102294


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